Page 16 - Radiation Safety

NORM / TENORM

1. Technologically Enhanced NORM
2. In the form of product or waste with enhanced level of activity concentration
3. NOT all NORM ended up with TENORM
4. In oil & gas industry, activity level of normal soils used as a reference to evaluate enhancement.

ORE & MINERALS OIL & GAS

PROCESSING of ORE, MINERALS (AMANG INDUSTRIES) OIL & GAS (TENORM Waste)
a. Monozite a. Petroleum Sludge
b. Zircon b. Scale
c. Ilminite c. Tin Slag
*varies depending on materials and process d. Contaminated apparatus

TENORM NON-TENORM
Production of Monozite Production of Titanium Dioxide
from Ilminite
High [Ra-228] and [Ra-226] Low [Ra-228] and [Ra-226]

Total Activity Concentration (TAC)
Screening of purposes because NORM and TENORM normally contain in a
mixture with different concentration and activity.
Total Activity Concentration (TAC)
Screening of purposes because NORM and TENORM normally contain in a TAC SS (Bq/g) = (6 x Activity of Ra-226) + (8 x Activity of Ra-228)
mixture with different concentration and activity.
- In Oil & Gas, TAC is only applicable for Sludge and Scale
TAC OM (Bq/g) = (14 x Activity of U-238) + (10 x Activity of Th-232) - TAC < 3Bq/g determines that it is not classified as TENORM
(LEM/TEK/30 & LEM/TEK/58)